He mentioned a method of sticking needles in a stroboscopic disc so that it looked like one needle was being pushed in and out of the cardboard when animated. In 1855, Johann Nepomuk Czermak's published an article about his Stereophoroskop and other experiments aimed at stereoscopic moving images. Due to the long exposure times necessary to capture an image with the photographic emulsions of the period, the sequence could not be recorded live and must have been assembled from separate photographs of the various positions of the machinery. The only known extant disc contains stereoscopic photograph pairs of different phases of the motion of a machine. In 1852, Jules Duboscq patented a 'Stéréoscope-fantascope ou Bïoscope' (or abbreviated as stéréofantascope) stroboscopic disc. Unfortunately, the plan was never executed, possibly because Plateau was almost completely blind by this time. He believed such a project would take much time and careful effort, but would be well worth it because of the expected marvelous results. Plateau concluded that for this purpose 16 plaster models could be made with 16 regular modifications. Wheatstone had suggested using photographs on paper of a solid object, for instance a statuette. Plateau thought the construction of a sequential set of stereoscopic image pairs would be the more difficult part of the plan than adapting two copies of his improved fantascope to be fitted with a stereoscope. Plateau stated that the illusion could be advanced even further with an idea communicated to him by Charles Wheatstone: a combination of the fantascope and Wheatstone's stereoscope. A new translucent variation had improved picture quality and could be viewed with both eyes, by several people at the same time. In 1849, Joseph Plateau published a note about improvements for his Fantascope (a.k.a. These can now be regarded as a form of stop motion or pixilation, but very few results were meant to be animated. History 1849 to 1895: Before film īefore the advent of chronophotography in 1878, a small number of picture sequences were photographed with subjects in separate poses. The term 'stop motion,' relating to the animation technique, is often spelled with a hyphen as 'stop-motion.' Both orthographical variants, with and without the hyphen, are correct, but the hyphenated one has a second meaning that is unrelated to animation or cinema: 'a device for automatically stopping a machine or engine when something has gone wrong' ( The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1993 edition).

6 Comparison to computer-generated imagery.

2.2.7 Władysław Starewicz (Russian period).

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